Lunduke
News • Science & Tech
Who (really) created the "Byte"?
And what is the REAL definition of term?
May 06, 2024
post photo preview

Kilobytes (KB). Megabytes (MB). Gigabytes (GB).

We use these storage measurements every single, gosh-darned day. And most of us feel like we know exactly what they mean. But do we really?

Do we really — truly — know what a “Byte” is… and its origin? I mean… who came up with the term “Byte”, anyway?

Let’s take a moment to look over the history of the term. If, for no other reason, than to feel smarter than most other nerds.

What is a “Byte”?

If you ask Mr. Google, a Byte is exactly 8 Bits.

Mr. Google wouldn't lie... right?

Ok. Great. 8 Bits = 1 Byte.

So what is a Bit?

That part is simple.

A Bit is the smallest unit of information for a digital computer. A Bit can have two possible values… 0 or 1. It is a boolean. A binary.

Many people believe “Bit” is short for “Bite”. You find this in many computer history books. This little tidbit has been repeated so often, many believe it. However, like many such oft-repeated anecdotes in computing… it’s hogwash.

In fact, “Bit” is an acronym for “Binary Information Digit”. Squish that phrase together and you get “Bit”.

Fun factoids about the origin of the “Bit”

The first usage of the word “bit”, when talking about a type of data in reference to computing, was by Vannevar Bush. He published an articled entitled “Instrumental Analysis” in the October, 1936 issue of “American Mathematical Society”. In it he used the phrase “bits of information” when talking about punch cards.

However 

“Bit” was commonly used in Middle English to refer to “a mouthful” or a “morsel” of food. (This is the origin of why many believe “Bit” is short for “Bite”… even though it isn’t.) As such, Vannevar Bush may not have actually been thinking about a “Bit” as a “Binary digit”… instead he may simply have thought “this is a morsel of data”. Also worth noting… Bush never actually defines what a “bit” is. Making it likely that he was simply using the word “bit” in the Middle English way.

The first — distinctly verifiable — usage of “Bit” in this way is by John Tukey. From “A Mathematical Theory of Communication” written by C. E. Shannon in 1949:

“The choice of a logarithmic base corresponds to the choice of a unit for measuring information. If the base 2 is used the resulting units may be called binary digits, or more briefly bits, a word suggested by J. W. Tukey. A device with two stable positions, such as a relay or a flip-flop circuit, can store one bit of information.”

There you have it. More information about the origin of the term “bit” than you ever wanted to know.

You’re welcome.

Ok. Great.

So, in short, a Bit is a 0 or 1. And a Byte is a group of 8 Bits. Easy.

Not so fast there, sport!

While the Byte being 8 Bits is commonly accepted today… that was not always the case. Not by a long shot!

In fact, there are two competing stories for who created the term “Byte”… and neither of them were referring to a set of 8 Bits!

Seriously!

Werner Buchholz’s 6 Bits

The most often cited creator of the term “Byte” is Werner Buchholz — who used the term, in 1956, to refer to a grouping of 6 Bits when working on the IBM Stretch Super computer.

Man sitting at IBM Stretch console. Image source: computer-history.info.

A “6 Bit” Byte was common in those days. In fact, Braille was a 6 Bit encoding of characters for the blind. And many of the early computers (from IBM and others) used 6 Bit groupings to encode character data.

6 Bits -- not 8 Bits -- per Byte.

However (you knew there had to be a “however”)…

Louis G. Dooley’s N Bits

Around that same time (1956 or so), Louis Dooley first used the word “Byte” to refer to an undefined grouping of “Bits”. But, typically, used as “4 Bits”.

That's right.  Not 8 Bits.  Not 6 Bits.  But 4 Bits.

Dooley published the following letter in BYTE magazine:

“I would like to get the following on record: The word byte was coined around 1956 to 1957 at MIT Lincoln Laboratories within a project called SAGE (the North American Air Defense System), which was jointly developed by Rand, Lincoln Labs, and IBM. In that era, computer memory structure was already defined in terms of word size. A word consisted of x number of bits; a bit represented a binary notational position in a word. Operations typically operated on all the bits in the full word.

 

We coined the word byte to refer to a logical set of bits less than a full word size. At that time, it was not defined specifically as x bits but typically referred to as a set of 4 bits, as that was the size of most of our coded data items. Shortly afterward, I went on to other responsibilities that removed me from SAGE. After having spent many years in Asia, I returned to the U.S. and was bemused to find out that the word byte was being used in the new microcomputer technology to refer to the basic addressable memory unit.

 

Louis G. Dooley
Ocala, FL”

So… what the heck is a “Byte”?!

That’s right. We now have two very, very different definitions for the word “Byte”. Both creations of the word happened independently… and at almost the exact same moment in time.

  • The Buchholz Byte” - A grouping of 6 Bits.
  • The Dooley Byte” - A grouping of an undefined number of bits, less than a full word size. Often used to describe 4 Bits.

You’ll note that neither of these definitions — from the men who created the term — have the number “8” in them.

The shift towards 8 Bits per Byte started to happen in the 1970s… with the development and gaining popularity of 8-Bit processors, such as the legendary Intel 8008.

A revision of the Intel 8008 CPU

Interestingly, some of those early 8-Bit CPU’s had specific functions for handling 4-Bit chunks of data. Because, up until that point, 4 and 6-Bit “Bytes” were incredibly common (including in the predecessor to the Intel 8008… the 4-Bit Intel 4004).

Fun Factoid: Nowadays a 4-Bit group is called a “Nibble”. Which is adorable.

For quite some time the term “octet” or “octad” was used to denote 8 Bit groups. At some point along the way, most people phased that out as well… simply referring to all “groups of bits” as a “Byte”. Though you will still find “octet” used here and there, especially when talking about various network protocols.

All of which means…

Dooley invented the modern “Byte”… not Buchholz

While many writers, enthusiasts, and computer historians are quick to say that Werner Buchholz coined the term “Byte”… they are obviously mistaken.

Besides the fact that it’s hard to discern who (Dooley or Buchholz) actually used the term first… the Buchholz definition is no longer used at all in modern computing.

The Buchholz definition is specific. 6 Bits. Which modern computing has determined is not the amount of Bits in a modern Byte.

The Dooley definition, on the other hand, allows for wiggle room. Which means that an 8 Bit “Byte” would fit the Dooley definition. But not the Buchholz.

The facts are clear: Louis G. Dooley created the word “Byte”. At least as it has been used for the last 40+ years.

But Buchholz — an absolute legend in the computing world — gets one heck of an Honorable Mention trophy.

community logo
Join the Lunduke Community
To read more articles like this, sign up and join my community today
20
What else you may like…
Videos
Podcasts
Posts
Articles
Brave Tops 90 Million Active Users

And Brave Search processes 1.4 Million Queries Per Month.

00:10:29
Open Source Leftists say "America is Over"

"[America] was pretty much terrible the whole time to be honest," says Elementary OS founder. Red Hat Evangelist says, "US people celebrating Independence Day feels like a sick joke."

00:14:50
Arch & Hyprland - The Future of Linux?

PewDiePie, Primeagen, DHH, & Valve (Steam). The momentum behind Arch Linux (and Hyprland) is significant.

00:14:05
November 22, 2023
The futility of Ad-Blockers

Ads are filling the entirety of the Web -- websites, podcasts, YouTube videos, etc. -- at an increasing rate. Prices for those ad placements are plummeting. Consumers are desperate to use ad-blockers to make the web palatable. Google (and others) are desperate to break and block ad-blockers. All of which results in... more ads and lower pay for creators.

It's a fascinatingly annoying cycle. And there's only one viable way out of it.

Looking for the Podcast RSS feed or other links? Check here:
https://lunduke.locals.com/post/4619051/lunduke-journal-link-central-tm

Give the gift of The Lunduke Journal:
https://lunduke.locals.com/post/4898317/give-the-gift-of-the-lunduke-journal

The futility of Ad-Blockers
November 21, 2023
openSUSE says "No Lunduke allowed!"

Those in power with openSUSE make it clear they will not allow me anywhere near anything related to the openSUSE project. Ever. For any reason.

Well, that settles that, then! Guess I won't be contributing to openSUSE! 🤣

Looking for the Podcast RSS feed or other links?
https://lunduke.locals.com/post/4619051/lunduke-journal-link-central-tm

Give the gift of The Lunduke Journal:
https://lunduke.locals.com/post/4898317/give-the-gift-of-the-lunduke-journal

openSUSE says "No Lunduke allowed!"
September 13, 2023
"Andreas Kling creator of Serenity OS & Ladybird Web Browser" - Lunduke’s Big Tech Show - September 13th, 2023 - Ep 044

This episode is free for all to enjoy and share.

Be sure to subscribe here at Lunduke.Locals.com to get all shows & articles (including interviews with other amazing nerds).

"Andreas Kling creator of Serenity OS & Ladybird Web Browser" - Lunduke’s Big Tech Show - September 13th, 2023 - Ep 044
18 hours ago

Some reporters are claiming Microsoft has lost 400 million users due to MacOS and/or Linux. Sorry, that's not the truth. The loss, is from China. The CCP told people to move from Windows. And promotes Harmony OS from Huawei.

A Linux Car Stereo... From The 90s?? [Empeg Car]

Reminder: 50% off Monthly, Yearly, and Lifetime subscriptions to The Lunduke Journal (through Sunday, July 6th).

Quick reminder:

50% off Monthly, Yearly, and Lifetime subscriptions to The Lunduke Journal (through Sunday, July 6th).

Here's all the details:
https://lunduke.substack.com/p/support-indie-tech-journalism-with

Because support Big-Tech-Free, Ad-Free, Non-Woke Tech Journalism is a good thing.

-Lunduke

Last Chance: 50% off Monthly, Yearly, & Lifetime subs to The Lunduke Journal (through today)

Final few hours for to grab a Lunduke Journal subscription for 50% off!

Through July 6th (that’s today), you can grab discounted subscriptions to The Lunduke Journal:

  • 50% off Monthly — Now $3 / Month (was $6 / Month)

  • 50% off Yearly — Now $27 / Year (was $54 / Year)

  • 50% off Yearly MP4 Downloads — Now $27 / Year (was $54 / Year)

  • 50% off Lifetime Subscriptions — Now $100 (was $200)

Here’s all the details. Scroll down in pick whichever option makes you smile.

50% Off Yearly or Monthly Subscription:

50% off a Yearly or Monthly subscription to The Lunduke Journal are available via both Locals and Substack. (This includes full access to the community Forum.)

That means $3 / Month. Or $27 / Year (which works out to $2.25 / Month).

Via Lunduke.Locals.com:

Via Lunduke.Substack.com:

Note: You can also grab a Monthly subscription via X or Patreon. There’s no way to offer a discount on those platforms. But those are still good options!

The Famous Lifetime Subscription:

The "World Famous Lunduke Journal Lifetime Subscription" is exactly what it sounds like. Pay once and get full access to The Lunduke Journal. For life.

Now, through Sunday, July 6th… you can snag one at a crazy discount. Normally these are $200… but you can grab one for $100. (You can also pay more if you’d like to donate a little extra.)

The Lifetime Subscription can be obtained via Locals, Substack, or using Bitcoin. All three options work great and are super easy (& all three include full access to the community Forum). Scroll down and choose your option.

How to get a Lifetime Subscription via Locals:

  1. Go to Lunduke.Locals.com/support.

  2. Select "Give Once".

  3. Enter "100" (or more) into the amount field.

  4. After checking out, Lunduke will toss you an email once your account is set to full lifetime status. (This usually happens within a few hours.)

How to get a Lifetime Subscription via Substack:

  1. Go to Lunduke.Substack.com/subscribe.

  2. Select the “Lifetime Subscription” option.

  3. After checking out, Lunduke will toss you an email once your account is set to full lifetime status. (This usually happens within a few hours.)

If you would also like full, Lifetime access to Lunduke.Locals.com (which is included):

  1. Make a free account on Lunduke.Locals.com.

  2. Email “bryan at lunduke.com” with the email address you use on both Substack and Locals (can be different email addresses).

  3. Lunduke will toss you an email once your account is set to full lifetime status on Locals.

How to get a Lifetime Subscription with Bitcoin:

You can also obtain a Lifetime Subscription via Bitcoin.

bc1qyjakve8fywm8pz2v99v57yhjj0vzr2vjze6fcq

  • Email "bryan at lunduke.com" with the following information: What time you made the transaction, how much was sent (in Bitcoin), and the email address you use (or plan to use) on Locals.com or Substack.com (or both).

50% Off DRM-Free, MP4 Downloads:

Want to be able to download every show The Lunduke Journal releases (and watch them on whatever device you like)? Yeah. You can do that. For 50% off.

Note: This DRM-Free download option does not include access to the Forum. This option is strictly for downloading the episodes.

Make a One Time Donation

Subscription not enough (or not your thing)? Want to toss in a one-time donation to The Lunduke Journal? There’s a few great options!

Via BitCoin:

Send any amount of BTC to the following address:

bc1qyjakve8fywm8pz2v99v57yhjj0vzr2vjze6fcq

  • Email "bryan at lunduke.com" with to let us know it was you! You can choose to keep your donation anonymous if you prefer. (Either way, all BTC donations get included in the matching deal.)

Via Locals:

  1. Go to Lunduke.Locals.com/support.

  2. Click “GIVE ONCE”.

  3. Enter any amount you like.

You Make This Possible

A huge thank you to all of the subscribers who have made The Lunduke Journal possible. Because of you, we have been able to do true Tech Journalism — to tell the stories that no other Tech News outlet has the cojones to touch.

And to all of you new Lunduke Journal subscribers: Welcome to the last bastion of truly independent, Big-Tech-Free, ad-free, non-Woke Tech Journalism.

-Lunduke

Read full Article
Support Indie Tech Journalism with 50% off The Lunduke Journal, through July 6th

Holy lack-of-self-promotion, Batman! Did we just fly through the entire month of June without a single sale or promotion for Lunduke Journal subscriptions? The insanity!

Let’s fix that!

Behold! The Great Lunduke Journal July Fundraiser… of Freedom!

Now, through July 6th, you can grab discounted subscriptions to The Lunduke Journal:

  • 50% off Monthly — Now $3 / Month (was $6 / Month)

  • 50% off Yearly — Now $27 / Year (was $54 / Year)

  • 50% off Yearly MP4 Downloads — Now $27 / Year (was $54 / Year)

  • 50% off Lifetime Subscriptions — Now $100 (was $200)

Want to support the last bastion of truly independent, ad-free, Big Tech free, non-Woke Tech Journalism? Scroll down and choose whichever option feels awesome to you!

50% Off Yearly or Monthly Subscription:

50% off a Yearly or Monthly subscription to The Lunduke Journal are available via both Locals and Substack. (This includes full access to the community Forum.)

That means $3 / Month. Or $27 / Year (which works out to $2.25 / Month).

Via Lunduke.Locals.com:

Via Lunduke.Substack.com:

Note: You can also grab a Monthly subscription via X or Patreon. There’s no way to offer a discount on those platforms. But those are still good options!

The Famous Lifetime Subscription:

The "World Famous Lunduke Journal Lifetime Subscription" is exactly what it sounds like. Pay once and get full access to The Lunduke Journal. For life.

Now, through Sunday, July 6th… you can snag one at a crazy discount. Normally these are $200… but you can grab one for $100. (You can also pay more if you’d like to donate a little extra.)

The Lifetime Subscription can be obtained via Locals, Substack, or using Bitcoin. All three options work great and are super easy (& all three include full access to the community Forum). Scroll down and choose your option.

How to get a Lifetime Subscription via Locals:

  1. Go to Lunduke.Locals.com/support.

  2. Select "Give Once".

  3. Enter "100" (or more) into the amount field.

  4. After checking out, Lunduke will toss you an email once your account is set to full lifetime status. (This usually happens within a few hours.)

How to get a Lifetime Subscription via Substack:

  1. Go to Lunduke.Substack.com/subscribe.

  2. Select the “Lifetime Subscription” option.

  3. After checking out, Lunduke will toss you an email once your account is set to full lifetime status. (This usually happens within a few hours.)

If you would also like full, Lifetime access to Lunduke.Locals.com (which is included):

  1. Make a free account on Lunduke.Locals.com.

  2. Email “bryan at lunduke.com” with the email address you use on both Substack and Locals (can be different email addresses).

  3. Lunduke will toss you an email once your account is set to full lifetime status on Locals.

How to get a Lifetime Subscription with Bitcoin:

You can also obtain a Lifetime Subscription via Bitcoin.

bc1qyjakve8fywm8pz2v99v57yhjj0vzr2vjze6fcq

  • Email "bryan at lunduke.com" with the following information: What time you made the transaction, how much was sent (in Bitcoin), and the email address you use (or plan to use) on Locals.com or Substack.com (or both).

50% Off DRM-Free, MP4 Downloads:

Want to be able to download every show The Lunduke Journal releases (and watch them on whatever device you like)? Yeah. You can do that. For 50% off.

Note: This DRM-Free download option does not include access to the Forum. This option is strictly for downloading the episodes.

Make a One Time Donation

Subscription not enough (or not your thing)? Want to toss in a one-time donation to The Lunduke Journal? There’s a few great options!

Via BitCoin:

Send any amount of BTC to the following address:

bc1qyjakve8fywm8pz2v99v57yhjj0vzr2vjze6fcq

  • Email "bryan at lunduke.com" with to let us know it was you! You can choose to keep your donation anonymous if you prefer. (Either way, all BTC donations get included in the matching deal.)

Via Locals:

  1. Go to Lunduke.Locals.com/support.

  2. Click “GIVE ONCE”.

  3. Enter any amount you like.

You Make This Possible

A huge thank you to all of the subscribers who have made The Lunduke Journal possible. Because of you, we have been able to do true Tech Journalism — to tell the stories that no other Tech News outlet has the cojones to touch.

And to all of you new Lunduke Journal subscribers: Welcome to the last bastion of truly independent, Big-Tech-Free, ad-free, non-Woke Tech Journalism.

-Lunduke

Read full Article
50% off The Lunduke Journal (including Lifetime Subscriptions) for one more day!

To all of you amazing nerds who have signed up for a new Lunduke Journal subscription today, thank you! You make The Lunduke Journal possible!

If you haven’t snagged yours yet, the “50% off everything, even the Lifetime Subscriptions” deal is available today and tomorrow (through Saturday, May 31st).

  • 50% off Monthly — Now $3 / Month (was $6 / Month)

  • 50% off Yearly — Now $27 / Year (was $54 / Year)

  • 50% off Yearly MP4 Downloads — Now $27 / Year (was $54 / Year)

  • 50% off Lifetime Subscriptions — Now $100 (was $200)

All the details on how to grab each type of subscription is right here. There’s also an audio podcast and video of me rambling about it.

Once again, thank you for all of the support. It truly does make a difference.

-Lunduke

Read full Article
See More
Available on mobile and TV devices
google store google store app store app store
google store google store app tv store app tv store amazon store amazon store roku store roku store
Powered by Locals