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Remember when Apple built a Mac OS running on top of Solaris and HP-UX? Seriously. It happened.
Macintosh Application Environment for Unix -- from back in 1994.
November 01, 2023
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In the 1990s, Microsoft developed software (Internet Explorer, Windows Media Player, and Outlook Express) for both Solaris and HP-UX — which brought a small dash of “Windows-y-ness” to UNIX-land.

But did you know that Apple brought the entire Mac System 7 to Solaris and HP-UX?

It’s true! First released in 1994 — and discontinued in 1998 — it was called “Macintosh Application Environment”. And it really-really works!

Note: The “Macintosh Application Environment” is not A/UX, Apple’s UNIX system for some of their 68k Macintoshes. Two totally different beasts. Apple has had a lot of toes in the UNIX waters for quite some time.

If you have a Sun SPARCstation (running Solaris 2.4) or an HP UNIX workstation (HP-UX 9 or 10)… you can run an entire Mac System 7.x instance… right within it’s own X window. With the ability to copy and paste text (and graphics) between Mac applications and UNIX applications.

Check it out. This is the screenshot that Apple, itself, used to promote this crazy beast.

That screenshot is using CDE (Common Desktop Environment), which was de-facto on Solaris and HP-UX back in those days.

But, technically, there’s no reason the Macintosh Application Environment (MAE) can’t be run under other desktop environments on top of either system. In fact, here’s a screenshot of MAE booting on Solaris… running the GNOME desktop.

This comes from a recent Twitter thread of someone showing off their SPARCstation… running Macintosh Application Environment. With a bunch of pictures.

Before we go any further… we need to take a detour over to Apple.com.

Not Apple.com nowadays… Apple.com from back when the final version of the Macintosh Application Environment was released — 1997. And, not really “Apple.com”, per se. But “MAE.Apple.com.”

Here — I kid you not — is what that glorious website looked like.

Ok. Seriously. There’s a lot of fascinating information here. How Apple handled the demo version. The prominent 1-800 number listings. But… But… WHAT IN THE WHAT.

Zoom in. Upper left quadrant. ENHANCE!

Holy Sumo wrestler in a tu-tu, Batman!

That, right there, is what we call a decision.

Someone was working on this website at Apple, back in the late 1990s, and was thinking to himself, “I got it. I know just what this website for the Macintosh Application Environment for UNIX needs.”

Powerful stuff.

I was pretty on-the-fence about this whole MacOS-on-UNIX thing. But then I saw this sumo wrestler. In a tutu. Wearing a tiara. And, well, that really — Holy cow, is he on a skateboard? Yep. He’s on a skateboard.

Well. That settles it. This is the coolest thing to grace Apple.com. Ever.

*ahem* Where were we? Ah. Yes.

So. How does all this work?

Is it a virtual machine? Yes. Yes it is. Mostly.

Courtesy the MAE 3.0 Whitepaper

It is, essentially, a 68040 emulator with a Mac ROM and System 7.5.3 sitting on top of it. Though, it’s performance — thanks partially, I think, to that wonderfully named “Mac/UNIX Scaffolding” chunk there in the middle — was quite reasonable.

Side Note: I worked for HP back in the late ‘90s, supporting HP-UX and other UNIX workstations. Only ever saw one machine with the MAE in use. But I recall thinking that it wasn’t the fastest Macintosh you could use at the time… but it wasn’t the slowest, either. Which I found impressive.

This system, by the end, was pretty doggone powerful. You could copy/paste between the Mac “virtual machine”…. and UNIX software. And you could access all of your UNIX partitions from the Mac side.

Thanks… you know… to the “scaffolding”.

From the Macintosh Application Environment Administrator’s Manual. (Thanks Archive.org!)

Note the toolbar along the bottom to provide some extra UNIX integration features.

Snippet from the MAE 3.0 Whitepaper

Oh! And check out the detailed breakdown of memory usage.

How awesome would it be if software nowadays shipped with details about memory usage like that? “We use this many MB for this code over here… and another X MBs for the graphics buffers…”

That should be a thing!

Also… Only 24 MB of RAM! Total! Ah, those were the days! The 90s were awesome.

Supposedly even AppleTalk works, at least according to the User Manual (which is different than the Administrator’s manual).

Installing MAE was a decidedly old-school, UNIX-y affair. All in the terminal, baby!

Screenshot courtesy of this archived website.

And here’s the About screen for the demo version of the very first release:

”The virtual Macintosh for Open Systems”… love that.

A screenshot of the trial version… because it amuses me. That HUGE 1-800 banner along the bottom of the window. It just takes up so much space. And simply seeing a 1-800 on screen, in an application window, is almost jarring. You just don’t expect to see that anymore.

MAE 2.0 screenshot which I found over here.

You know. Worth pondering on… This was 1994. In context, here are other things that came to pass in 1994:

  • Linux hit version 1.0.

  • Windows 95… was not out yet.

The idea of being able to run a SPARCstation or HP-UX box… and have a full Mac inside it (essentially)… during a time dominated by Windows 3.1… sounds pretty darned amazing.

Oh. Oh! Check this out.

There was a time when Apple has email mailing lists. That is the MAE User list. And Apple published the archives for people to search. I tell ya. Was a different time at Apple.

A couple final, parting thoughts:

  • This is Apple making, selling, and supporting running a version of the Mac operating system… on non-Apple hardware.  Even hosted on non-Apple software!

  • That sumo wrestler in the tutu.  That... that is something.

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Linux Foundation Drops Linux Spending to Historic Lows in 2024
Plus: Skyrocketing revenue, and no mention of "Diversity" or "Climate Change".

The Linux Foundation, earlier today, released their 2024 Annual Report.  And, hoo boy, is it a doozy.

The short-short version: Massive increase in revenue (now close to $300 Million Dollars), with spending on Linux continuing to drop to historically low numbers.

And, in a dramatic departure from previous years, almost zero discussion of politically charged topics (such as Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, & Climate Change).

Let's start with the numbers.

 

Skyrocketing Revenue

 

First and foremost, it's worth pointing out that -- as of this year -- revenue for The Linux Foundation is closing in on 1/3rd of a Billion Dollars annually.

 

While The Linux Foundation may technically be a "non profit", those numbers would make many "for profit" corporations blush.  Massive, steady income growth.

Where does the largest bulk of that revenue come from?  Corporate "membership" dues, naturally.  To the tune of over $125 Million USD.

 

With the highest paying corporate members being the likes of Meta, Microsoft, Oracle, Samsun, Red Hat (IBM), Huawei, and the like.

 

 

These corporations pay a premium to have a seat on The Linux Foundation Board of Directors.  Which, it should be pointed out, consists of over 70% GPL violators.

 

 

Spending on Linux

 

One of the peculiar facts about The Linux Foundation is how surprisingly little of their income they spend on... Linux.

And, perhaps even more peculiar still, is the fact that the percentage of their revenue spent on Linux appears to decrease every year.

In 2021, The Linux Foundation spent roughly 3.4% of their revenue on their namesake project.  As of 2024... that number appears to be down to 2.3%.

 

 

And this isn't simply a matter of overall percentages going down (while revenue rises).  Spending on the Linux Kernel is down, year on year, in terms of actual US Dollars as well.

 

 

In fact, the amount currently spent on "Corporate Operations" for The Linux Foundation... is roughly 3 times that of what is spent on the Linux kernel.

As time goes on -- and spending numbers become finalized -- we are gaining an increasingly clear picture of the spending priorities of The Linux Foundation.

 

No Diversity in 2024?

 

In the previous annual report (2023), "Diversity, Equity, & Inclusion" were a critical component.

In the 2023 report:

  • "Diversity" was mentioned 34 times
  • "Inclusion" 17 times.
  • With the general "DEI" topic -- including "LGBTQ" issues -- being a critical component throughout the report.  Page after page of DEI.

This year, in the 2024 report, the words "Diversity", "Equity", and "Inclusion" are never used.  Not once.

Well.  Once.  Barely.  On the second to the last page, in a footnote, you find the following statement: "75% of [travel] funding went to diverse community members."  That, right there is the sum total of discussion around "diversity".

In fact, the "LGBT" acronym is also never used in the most recent report (another significant change from previous years).

This appears to mark a dramatic shift, away from "DEI", for The Linux Foundation.  At least in terms of messaging.

 

No Climate Change, Either?

 

The 2024 Linux Foundation annual report also contains absolutely no reference to "Climate Change".

"Wait, why would the Linux Foundation be talking about Climate Change," you ask?

Well.  Last year, in 2023, the annual report was filled to the brim with Climate Change -- with 37 distinct references and over 10 pages focused on the topic.

That focus appears to no longer be a priority for The Linux Foundation.

 

The Right to Fork

 

One of the most prominent new topics of the 2024 report was "the right to fork".  Something previous annual reports stayed clear of almost entirely.

 

“The right to fork open source code is at the core of open source licensing. All open source licenses grant the right to fork their code, that is to start a new development effort using an existing code as its base. Thus, code forking represents the single greatest tool available for guaranteeing sustainability in open source software.

 

In addition to bolstering program sustainability, code forking directly affects the governance of open source initiatives. Forking, and even the mere possibility of forking code, affects the governance and sustainability of open source initiatives on three distinct levels: software, community, and ecosystem.”

 

This is particularly interesting, given the stated intention for Russia to hard-fork Linux over the recent ban of Russian programmers from being official kernel maintainers.

 

Other Oddities

 

A few other facts which are worth noting from the 2024 Annual Report:

  • Neither the Executive Director, nor the Board Chair -- in their several pages long opening messages -- mentions the Linux Kernel.  Nor desktop, server, or mobile Linux.  Strange, right?
  • The 2024 Annual Report is only 45 pages long.  Compared to the 2023 report, which clocks in at 160 pages.
  • There is absolutely no mention of the mass banning of Russian developers during 2024.
  • Nor of the various other developers banned from the Linux Kernel this year.

What does all of this mean?  Will the decreasing spending on Linux continue into 2025?  Will the decreased emphasis on messaging around "DEI" issues translate to real-world changes?  Will the "right to fork" emphasis continue if Russia follows through with their proposed Linux kernel fork?

Lots of questions.  Lots and lots of them.

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The following list is nowhere near complete -- and is being added to constantly.  If you're looking for a searchable, sortable index of every article and show, you'll want to go to The Lunduke Journal Content Archive at Lunduke.Locals.com/content (which is an added benefit for Lunduke Journal subscribers).

 

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